It’s different.” In this sense, many hallucinatory phenomena, such as orders and comments, can be considered intrusive thoughts ( McCarthy-Jones et al., 2014), and the intrusive thoughts of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder may have audible or visible characteristics ( Moritz et al., 2018). As discussed further below, it is often not clear if they really hear or see what they say they hear or see, or for example, as one woman said, “They talk and talk, but not like you or me. Their distinction in terms of perception-thought is imprecise, making analysis of the patient’s words hard to examine. Although the reference to what he hears seems clear, it is not so clear why he says it is the voice of God, or what about that voice makes him identify it as such. For example, a patient says he hears the voice of God. The definitions in the literature are themselves unclear ( Garety et al., 2020) and varied ( Sheaves et al., 2020) leading to oversimplification. In spite of their human and clinical significance, the concepts are problematic. Hallucinations are Esquirol’s classical “perception without object” (1817), and delusions are basically thoughts which do not fit reality ( Jaspers, 1913). They are major factors in the diagnosis of psychotic disorders in the most widely used classifications ( American Psychiatric Association, 2013 World Health Organization, 2018). Hallucinations and delusions are manifestations that cause those who experience them enormous suffering ( Varese et al., 2016 Garety et al., 2020).
Two checklists are provided for orientation. This structure is described with its variables and relationships as a guide to assessment, follow-up, and intervention. Such attributions make more sense within the structure of two-way relationships with factors in a person’s own framework and setting. Then the elements of any attribution can be used as guides for structuring significant literature on both, and reduce analytical ambiguity. Continuing the long clinical tradition discussing the distinction between hallucinations and delusions while assuming their similarities, this study poses a concept integrating the two phenomena as attributions people make about themselves and their settings. Nor are the differentiations or variations within each precise enough. The distinction between hallucinations and delusions in terms of perception-thought is not precise enough, causing problems in analyzing the patient’s words. In spite of their human and clinical importance, the concepts are unclear. Hallucinations and delusions, in keeping with the distress accompanying them, are major features in the diagnosis of psychosis in international classifications. 3Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.2Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain.1Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment Department, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.Rodríguez-Testal 1*†, Cristina Senín-Calderón 2† and Rafael Moreno 3 “hallucination” in Trésor de la langue française informatisé ( The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).Juan F.This must have been the hallucination of the transcriber.īorrowed from Latin hallūcinātiō synchronically analysable as halluciner + -ation.The act of hallucinating a wandering of the mind an error, mistake or blunder.1871, William Alexander Hammond, A Treatise on the Diseases of the Nervous System Hallucinations are always evidence of cerebral derangement and are common phenomena of insanity.A sensory perception of something that does not exist, often arising from disorder of the nervous system, as in delirium tremens a delusion.
Hallucination ( countable and uncountable, plural hallucinations) The first known usage in the English language is from Sir Thomas Browne. Derives from the verb hallucinate, from Latin hallucinatus.
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